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Buildings and structures in the Arctic and the Antarctic need to be protected against both cryogenic spills and fire exposure. This article analyzes three different structural fireproofing materials, as explored in the journal Buildings.
Research Station in Antarctica. Study: Structural Fire Protection of Steel Structures in Arctic Conditions . Image Credit: Tarpan/Shutterstock.com
The Arctic climate has minimum winter temperatures ranging from −54 °C to −71 °C, hence structures and buildings in the Arctic and Antarctic should be safeguarded with special materials—specifically fire retardants to increase their fire resistance limits, also after the filling of cryogenic liquid, such as liquid natural gas (LNG). Many technological disasters and fires also occur at Arctic stations, the bearing elements of which are steel structures.
Optimal solutions for the protection of steel structures in fires are with intumescent coatings. A major component of intumescent coating is the binder, which harbors numerous physical and chemical characteristics to enable a defect-free, quality, durable flame retardant coating. Another vital aspect of intumescent coating is its relative water solubility.
A simplified methodology can be used to analyze the thermo-mechanical behavior of an offshore structure under high temperatures, taking into account the presence of a passive fire protection (PFP) layer. The mechanical properties were analyzed using modified techniques and a database was developed to apply a series of nonlinear structural and thermal finite-element analyses of the PFP bulkhead marine system.
Figure 1 depicts the scheme of means and methods of fire protection of steel structures. It shows that the most preferred method of fire protection in the Arctic climate is the application of structural fire protection, the major advantage being “dry” installation and high fire resistance.
Figure 1. Means and methods of fire protection of steel structures. Image Credit: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
Super-thin basalt fibers (STBF) are a possible basis for thermal insulation materials and products. They are made exclusively from basalts without admixtures of other minerals. Owing to their numerous properties STBF based products are superior to their analogs. Table 1 compares the characteristics of various kinds of insulation wool.
Table 1. Comparison of the characteristics of different types of insulation wool. Source: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
The article aims to analyze the structural protection based on STBF under operating conditions in the Arctic climate.
Fire retardant materials “PROMISOL-MIX PROPLEIT-50-K” (sample No. 1) and “BST-MAT” (sample No. 2) during fire test under a hydrocarbon temperature regime and fire retardant “3M Interam” (sample No. 3.1 and sample No. 3.2) during cryogenic exposure and a succeeding fire test under a hydrocarbon fire regime were considered.
The experimental samples were examined under the conditions of developing a hydrocarbon temperature regime in the fire chamber of the furnace.
In samples No. 1 and No. 2, the temperature in the furnace’s firing chamber was analyzed by thermocouples, installed by caulking in the amount of three pieces in the average cross-section of the samples on the I-beam wall and on the inner surface of the flanges. For samples No. 3.1 and No. 3.2 six thermocouples were installed, three main and three duplicating, symmetrically to the main.
Sample No. 1 is a steel column of I-shaped cross-section No. 20B1. The analyses were performed in the VNIIPO of the Ministry of Emergency Situations in Russia. Sample No. 1 was kept in the fire chamber of the furnace and subjected to four-sided heat exposure without static load until the limit state of the sample.
The fire chamber’s temperature was generated by the hydrocarbon fire regime and was measured with furnace thermocouples in five locations.
Sample No. 2 was a steel column of an I-shaped cross-section, and the analyses were performed in the testing laboratory POZH-AUDIT.
Measurements of the actual thickness of the fire-retardant coating applied to the sample were carried out before the tests. Sample No. 2 was kept in the fire chamber of the furnace and had a four-sided heat exposure without static load.
For experiment No. 3, two samples were examined. Sample No. 3.1 was a steel column of I-shaped cross-section No. 50B2 with flame-retardant coating, and Sample No. 3.2 was a steel column of I-shaped cross-section No. 50B2 and flame-retardant coating. The test was conducted at the test center Ognestoykost.
The tests of the samples were performed in two stages—the stage of cryogenic exposure and the stage of thermal exposure under hydrocarbon fire conditions and both the test stages were performed consecutively on the same day.
Liquid nitrogen is used as the liquid hydrocarbon analog as it has a lower boiling point than LNG or liquid oxygen and is not flammable. The analysis to find the time of attaining the critical state under cryogenic exposure was performed according to the regulations of ISO 20088-1.
To carry out the cryogenic test, a tank built of polystyrene foam (Figure 2) was attached to the surface of the fireproof mat strictly in the center of the I-beam flange using a flame-retardant sealant. Around 3.5 L of liquid nitrogen was poured into the tank, and to decrease the vaporization rate and the tank was covered with a sheet of polystyrene foam 50 mm thick from above.
Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of the fire protection coating assembly; (b) Section of the fire protection coating assembly with thermocouple location. Image Credit: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
A tank of polystyrene foam and sealant residues were eliminated from the surface after the exposure to liquid nitrogen on the flame retardant systems of samples No. 3.1 and No. 3.2. The samples were later placed in a test furnace, in which a hydrocarbon temperature regime was retained.
The observations showed that sample No. 1 of 50 mm thickness offers fire protection efficiency, and no visible changes were found in the external state of the sample (Figure 3). After 95 minutes—upon attaining the critical temperature on the sample—the experiment was stopped.
Figure 3. (a) Sample No. 1 before the test; (b) during the test; (c) after the test. Image Credit: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
The results demonstrated that sample No. 2 of 20 mm thickness offers fire protection efficiency. The surface showed burning of aluminum foil and slight embrittlement at the end of the experiment. After 92 minutes the experiment was halted after attaining the critical temperature on the sample.
Figure 4. (a) Sample No. 2 before the test; (b) after the test. Image Credit: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
Cryogenic test on the flame retardant systems of samples No. 3.1 and No. 3.2 revealed that 1-hour exposure to liquid nitrogen does not substantially decrease the surface temperature of the protected metal.
Figure 5. (a) Samples No. 3.1 and No. 3.2 during fire tests; (b) after all tests. Image Credit: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
Sample No. 3. after cryogenic testing for 60 minutes offers similar fire protection efficacy as the coating of sample No. 1 and sample No. 2, subject to conditions of the hydrocarbon burning regime without cryogenic influence (Table 2).
Table 2. Comparison of initial data and obtained results of fire retardant coatings based on STBF. Source: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
Figure 6 depicts the temperature changes on the samples at the time of the fire test.
Figure 6. Temperature changes on the samples during the fire test. Image Credit: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
Figure 7 depicts a multifactor analysis of the flame retardants as a function of operational, technological, and cost parameters, and puts forth these dependencies as histograms.
Figure 7. (a) Diagram and (b) histograms for different types of fire protection (red—epoxy coatings, green—structural protection on STBF, yellow—plaster compositions, and gray—structural protection endothermic). Image Credit: Gravit and Shabunina, 2021.
Over the past five years, the design of steel structures with increased fire resistance limits is controlled by international and industry standards of oil and gas facilities.
The results attained from the research shows that the most effective means of fire protection of steel structures in the Arctic and Antarctic are materials based on STBF, offering a “dry” method of installation, long operating time in severe conditions, resistance to the cryogenic spillage of liquefied hydrocarbons and a hydrocarbon fire regime.
Gravit, M & Shabunina, D (2021) Structural Fire Protection of Steel Structures in Arctic Conditions. Buildings, 11(11), p. 499. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/11/11/499/htm.
Skyla graduated from the University of Manchester with a BSocSc Hons in Social Anthropology. During her studies, Skyla worked as a research assistant, collaborating with a team of academics, and won a social engagement prize for her dissertation. With prior experience in writing and editing, Skyla joined the editorial team at AZoNetwork in the year after her graduation. Outside of work, Skyla’s interests include snowboarding, in which she used to compete internationally, and spending time discovering the bars, restaurants and activities Manchester has to offer!
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